Changes in bacterial communities during rice cultivation remove phenolic constraints on peatland carbon preservation.

Northern peatlands contain ~30% of terrestrial carbon (C) stores, but in recent decades, 14% to 20% of the stored C has been lost because of conversion of the peatland to cropland. Microorganisms are widely acknowledged as primary decomposers, but the keystone taxa within the bacterial community regulating C loss from cultivated peatlands remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the bacterial taxa driving peat C mineralization during rice cultivation. Cultivation significantly decreased concentrations of soil organic C, dissolved organic C (DOC), carbohydrates, and phenolics but increased C mineralization rate (CMR). Consistent with the classic theory that phenolic inhibition creates a "latch" that reduces peat C decomposition, phenolics were highly negatively correlated with CMR in cultivated peatlands, indicating that elimination of inhibitory phenolics can accelerate soil C mineralization. Bacterial communities were significantly different following peatland cultivation, and co-occurrence diagnosis analysis revealed substantial changes in network clusters of closely connected nodes (modules) and bacterial keystone taxa. Specifically, in cultivated peatlands, bacterial modules were significantly negatively correlated with phenolics, carbohydrates, and DOC. While keystone taxa Xanthomonadales, Arthrobacter, and Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 can regulate bacterial modules and promote carbon mineralization. Those observations indicated that changes in bacterial modules can promote phenolic decomposition and eliminate phenolic inhibition of labile C decomposition, thus accelerating soil organic C loss during rice cultivation. Overall, the study provides deeper insights into microbe-driven peat C loss during rice cultivation and highlights the crucial role of keystone bacterial taxa in the removal of phenolic constraints on peat C preservation.

Critical role of water conditions in the responses of autumn phenology of marsh wetlands to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.

The Tibetan Plateau, housing 20% of China's wetlands, plays a vital role in the regional carbon cycle. Examining the phenological dynamics of wetland vegetation in response to climate change is crucial for understanding its impact on the ecosystem. Despite this importance, the specific effects of climate change on wetland vegetation phenology in this region remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the influence of climate change on the end of the growing season (EOS) of marsh wetland vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau, utilizing satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and observational climate data. We observed that the regionally averaged EOS of marsh vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau was significantly (p < .05) delayed by 4.10 days/decade from 2001 to 2020. Warming preseason temperatures were found to be the primary driver behind the delay in the EOS of marsh vegetation, whereas preseason cumulative precipitation showed no significant impact. Interestingly, the responses of EOS to climate change varied spatially across the plateau, indicating a regulatory role for hydrological conditions in marsh phenology. In the humid and cold central regions, preseason daytime warming significantly delayed the EOS. However, areas with lower soil moisture exhibited a weaker or reversed delay effect, suggesting complex interplays between temperature, soil moisture, and EOS. Notably, in the arid southwestern regions of the plateau, increased preseason rainfall directly delayed the EOS, while higher daytime temperatures advanced it. Our results emphasize the critical role of hydrological conditions, specifically soil moisture, in shaping marsh EOS responses in different regions. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate hydrological factors into terrestrial ecosystem models, particularly in cold and dry regions, for accurate predictions of marsh vegetation phenological responses to climate change. This understanding is vital for informed conservation and management strategies in the face of current and future climate challenges.

Corrigendum: Anemia detection through non-invasive analysis of lip mucosa images.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1241899.].

A scoping review of health system guidelines for pharmacist responsibilities when dispensing opioids.

Introduction: Prescription opioid use and evidence of the harm caused by these medicines has increased over the past 20-30 years. Despite a number of system level interventions, the opioid crisis has not yet resolved in Australia or globally. Pharmacists are increasingly required to take a proactive, clinical role to fulfil their responsibility for patient outcomes relating to both medication efficacy and safety. Aim: To evaluate the current health system guidelines available to pharmacists dispensing opioids and to examine the implications of this guidance on pharmacist responsibility. Methods: A scoping review was conducted by searching in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science, in addition to the grey literature and referral from topic experts to collate a list of current health system guidelines relevant to pharmacists dispensing opioids. These guidelines were then examined through thematic analysis and the use of the "Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation-Health Systems" tool (AGREE-HS). Results: Ten health system guidelines were identified in the search. Identified guidelines were published in Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Health system guidelines analysed in this study most commonly provide general practice statements that are not specific to opioid medicines. Current guidelines frequently recommend risk assessment, but less commonly provide implementable risk mitigation advice. Additionally, guidelines are of poor overall quality when analysed through metrics relating to their development and implementation. Conclusion: There are gaps in current health system guidelines which contribute to perceived barriers in pharmacy practice. Current health system guidance does not provide a clear account of the responsibilities of pharmacists when dispensing opioids. This study provides an argument for the development of implementable health system guidelines that support pharmacists in taking direct responsibility for patient outcomes when dispensing opioid medicines.

Anemia detection through non-invasive analysis of lip mucosa images.

This paper aims to detect anemia using images of the lip mucosa, where the skin tissue is thin, and to confirm the feasibility of detecting anemia noninvasively and in the home environment using machine learning (ML). Data were collected from 138 patients, including 100 women and 38 men. Six ML algorithms: artificial neural network (ANN), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), logistic regression (LR), naive bayes (NB), and support vector machine (SVM) which are widely used in medical applications, were used to classify the collected data. Two different data types were obtained from participants' images (RGB red color values and HSV saturation values) as features, with age, sex, and hemoglobin levels utilized to perform classification. The ML algorithm was used to analyze and classify images of the lip mucosa quickly and accurately, potentially increasing the efficiency of anemia screening programs. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure were evaluated to assess how well ML models performed in predicting anemia. The results showed that NB reported the highest accuracy (96%) among the other ML models used. DT, KNN and ANN reported an accuracies of (93%), while LR and SVM had an accuracy of (79%) and (75%) receptively. This research suggests that employing ML approaches to identify anemia will help classify the diagnosis, which will then help to create efficient preventive measures. Compared to blood tests, this noninvasive procedure is more practical and accessible to patients. Furthermore, ML algorithms may be created and trained to assess lip mucosa photos at a minimal cost, making it an affordable screening method in regions with a shortage of healthcare resources.

RELEASE (REdressing Long-tErm Antidepressant uSE): protocol for a 3-arm pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial effectiveness-implementation hybrid type-1 in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Many people experience withdrawal symptoms when they attempt to stop antidepressants. Withdrawal symptoms are readily misconstrued for relapse or ongoing need for medication, contributing to long-term use (> 12 months). Long-term antidepressant use is increasing internationally yet is not recommended for most people. Long-term use is associated with adverse effects including weight gain, sexual dysfunction, lethargy, emotional numbing and increased risk of falls and fractures. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of two multi-strategy interventions (RELEASE and RELEASE+) in supporting the safe cessation of long-term antidepressants, estimate cost-effectiveness, and evaluate implementation strategies. METHODS: DESIGN: 3-arm pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial effectiveness-implementation hybrid type-1. SETTING: primary care general practices in southeast Queensland, Australia. POPULATION: adults 18 years or older taking antidepressants for longer than 1 year. Practices will be randomised on a 1.5:1:1 ratio of Usual care:RELEASE:RELEASE+. INTERVENTION: RELEASE for patients includes evidence-based information and resources and an invitation to medication review; RELEASE for GPs includes education, training and printable resources via practice management software. RELEASE+ includes additional internet support for patients and prescribing support including audit and feedback for GPs. OUTCOME MEASURES: the primary outcome is antidepressant use at 12 months self-reported by patients. Cessation is defined as 0 mg antidepressant maintained for at least 2 weeks. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: at 6 and 12 months are health-related quality of life, antidepressant side effects, well-being, withdrawal symptoms, emotional numbing, beliefs about antidepressants, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms; and at 12 months 75% reduction in antidepressant dose; aggregated practice level antidepressant prescribing, and health service utilisation for costs. SAMPLE SIZE: 653 patients from 28 practices. A concurrent evaluation of implementation will be through mixed methods including interviews with up to 40 patients and primary care general practitioners, brief e-surveys, and study administrative data to assess implementation outcomes (adoption and fidelity). DISCUSSION: The RELEASE study will develop new knowledge applicable internationally on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of two multi-strategy interventions in supporting the safe cessation of long-term antidepressants to improve primary health care and outcomes for patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ANZCTR, ACTRN12622001379707p. Registered on 27 October 2022.

A hybrid orthosis combining functional electrical stimulation and soft robotics for improved assistance of drop-foot.

Drop-foot is characterised by an inability to lift the foot, and affects an estimated 3 million people worldwide. Current treatment methods include rigid splints, electromechanical systems, and functional electrical stimulation (FES). However, these all have limitations, with electromechanical systems being bulky and FES leading to muscle fatigue. This paper addresses the limitations with current treatments by developing a novel orthosis combining FES with a pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM). It is the first system to combine FES and soft robotics for application to the lower limb, as well as the first to employ a model of their interaction within the control scheme. The system embeds a hybrid controller based on model predictive control (MPC), which combines FES and PAM components to optimally balance gait cycle tracking, fatigue reduction and pressure demands. Model parameters are found using a clinically feasible model identification procedure. Experimental evaluation using the system with three healthy subjects demonstrated a reduction in fatigue compared with the case of only using FES, which is supported by numerical simulation results.

Attenuation of Methane Oxidation by Nitrogen Availability in Arctic Tundra Soils.

CH4 emission in the Arctic has large uncertainty due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of the processes. CH4 oxidation in Arctic soil plays a critical role in the process, whereby removal of up to 90% of CH4 produced in soils by methanotrophs can occur before it reaches the atmosphere. Previous studies have reported on the importance of rising temperatures in CH4 oxidation, but because the Arctic is typically an N-limited system, fewer studies on the effects of inorganic nitrogen (N) have been reported. However, climate change and an increase of available N caused by anthropogenic activities have recently been reported, which may cause a drastic change in CH4 oxidation in Arctic soils. In this study, we demonstrate that excessive levels of available N in soil cause an increase in net CH4 emissions via the reduction of CH4 oxidation in surface soil in the Arctic tundra. In vitro experiments suggested that N in the form of NO3- is responsible for the decrease in CH4 oxidation via influencing soil bacterial and methanotrophic communities. The findings of our meta-analysis suggest that CH4 oxidation in the boreal biome is more susceptible to the addition of N than in other biomes. We provide evidence that CH4 emissions in Arctic tundra can be enhanced by an increase of available N, with profound implications for modeling CH4 dynamics in Arctic regions.

Agricultural land use regulates the fate of soil phosphorus fractions following the reclamation of wetlands.

Over half of the Earth's wetlands have been reclaimed for agriculture, leading to significant soil P destabilization and leaching risks. To evaluate the effects of agricultural land use on soil P stability, we used sequential P extraction to investigate the long-term effects of wetland cultivation for rice and soybean on soil P fractions, including labile and moderately labile inorganic/organic P (LPi, LPo, MPi, and MPo), and stable P in Northeast China. The results showed that soybean cultivation decreased the total P by 35.9 %, whereas rice cultivation did not influence the total P content (p < 0.05). Both the soybean and rice cultivations significantly increased LPi (p < 0.05). Soybean cultivation significantly decreased the LPo and MPo compared to rice cultivation, and the latter increased MPi by 309.28 % compared with the reference wetlands (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, poorly crystalline Fe (Feca), crystalline Fe (Fec), and total organic carbon (TOC) explained similar variations in P fractions during soybean and rice cultivation (54.9 % and 49.7 %, respectively). Similarly, during soybean or rice cultivation, pH negatively influenced LPo and MPo, while Feca positively influenced MPi and LPi. Furthermore, TOC showed a positive role in LPo, and MPo, but a negative effect on LPi and MPi during rice cultivation. Hence, we concluded that the cultivation of soybean or rice create contrasting modifications to wetland soil P fractionation by altering TOC, Feca, Fec, and pH. Our study indicates that agricultural land use can regulate the fate of wetland soil P fractionation, with potential benefits to both i) P risk management in cultivated wetlands and ii) potential approaches for future wetland restoration.

Corrigendum: Non-invasive detection of anemia using lip mucosa images transfer learning convolutional neural networks.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1291329.].

Non-native plant invasion can accelerate global climate change by increasing wetland methane and terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions.

Approximately 17% of the land worldwide is considered highly vulnerable to non-native plant invasion, which can dramatically alter nutrient cycles and influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terrestrial and wetland ecosystems. However, a systematic investigation of the impact of non-native plant invasion on GHG dynamics at a global scale has not yet been conducted, making it impossible to predict the exact biological feedback of non-native plant invasion to global climate change. Here, we compiled 273 paired observational cases from 94 peer-reviewed articles to evaluate the effects of plant invasion on GHG emissions and to identify the associated key drivers. Non-native plant invasion significantly increased methane (CH4 ) emissions from 129 kg CH4 ha-1  year-1 in natural wetlands to 217 kg CH4 ha-1  year-1 in invaded wetlands. Plant invasion showed a significant tendency to increase CH4 uptakes from 2.95 to 3.64 kg CH4 ha-1  year-1 in terrestrial ecosystems. Invasive plant species also significantly increased nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions in grasslands from an average of 0.76 kg N2 O ha-1  year-1 in native sites to 1.35 kg N2 O ha-1  year-1 but did not affect N2 O emissions in forests or wetlands. Soil organic carbon, mean annual air temperature (MAT), and nitrogenous deposition (N_DEP) were the key factors responsible for the changes in wetland CH4 emissions due to plant invasion. The responses of terrestrial CH4 uptake rates to plant invasion were mainly driven by MAT, soil NH4 + , and soil moisture. Soil NO3 - , mean annual precipitation, and N_DEP affected terrestrial N2 O emissions in response to plant invasion. Our meta-analysis not only sheds light on the stimulatory effects of plant invasion on GHG emissions from wetland and terrestrial ecosystems but also improves our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the responses of GHG emissions to plant invasion.

Polypharmacy in Australian Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder upon Admission to a Mental Health Facility: A Retrospective Chart Review.

OBJECTIVE: Polypharmacy increases the risk of adverse drug events and drug-drug interactions, and contributes to falls, hospital admissions, morbidity and mortality. Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder often have psychological and physical comorbidities, increasing the likelihood of general and psychotropic polypharmacy. This study investigates the prevalence of general and psychotropic polypharmacy in inpatient veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, and illustrates potential risks associated with polypharmacy in this population. METHODS: Medical records of 219 veterans admitted to a mental health facility for post-traumatic stress disorder management were retrospectively reviewed. Medication lists on admission were extracted and coded according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification classes. The prevalence of general (five or more total medications), psychotropic (two or more N-code medications), and sedative (two or more medications with sedating effects) polypharmacy and Drug Burden Index were calculated. Class combinations were reported, and associations between demographic characteristics and polypharmacy were determined. RESULTS: Mean age was 62.5 (± 14.6) years. In addition to post-traumatic stress disorder, 90.9% had a diagnosis of at least one other psychiatric condition, and 96.8% had a diagnosis of at least one non-psychiatric medical condition. The prevalence of general polypharmacy was 76.7%, psychotropic polypharmacy was 79.9% and sedative polypharmacy was 75.3%. Drug Burden Index scores ranged from 0 to 8.2, with 66.2% of participants scoring ≥ 1. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of inpatient veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder had a high prevalence of general, psychotropic and sedative polypharmacy, and were at high risk for drug-related adverse events. This highlights the importance of increasing awareness of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate drug combinations, and the need for improved medication review by prescribers.

Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters and estuaries.

Inland waters (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, streams) and estuaries are significant emitters of methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) to the atmosphere, while global estimates of these emissions have been hampered due to the lack of a worldwide comprehensive data set of CH4 and N2 O flux components. Here, we synthesize 2997 in-situ flux or concentration measurements of CH4 and N2 O from 277 peer-reviewed publications to estimate global CH4 and N2 O emissions from inland waters and estuaries. Inland waters including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and streams together release 95.18 Tg CH4  year-1 (ebullition plus diffusion) and 1.48 Tg N2 O year-1 (diffusion) to the atmosphere, yielding an overall CO2 -equivalent emission total of 3.06 Pg CO2  year-1 . The estimate of CH4 and N2 O emissions represents roughly 60% of CO2 emissions (5.13 Pg CO2  year-1 ) from these four inland aquatic systems, among which lakes act as the largest emitter for both CH4 and N2 O. Ebullition showed as a dominant flux component of CH4 , contributing up to 62%-84% of total CH4 fluxes across all inland waters. Chamber-derived CH4 emission rates are significantly greater than those determined by diffusion model-based methods for commonly capturing of both diffusive and ebullitive fluxes. Water dissolved oxygen (DO) showed as a dominant factor among all variables to influence both CH4 (diffusive and ebullitive) and N2 O fluxes from inland waters. Our study reveals a major oversight in regional and global CH4 budgets from inland waters, caused by neglecting the dominant role of ebullition pathways in those emissions. The estimated indirect N2 O EF5 values suggest that a downward refinement is required in current IPCC default EF5 values for inland waters and estuaries. Our findings further indicate that a comprehensive understanding of the magnitude and patterns of CH4 and N2 O emissions from inland waters and estuaries is essential in defining the way of how these aquatic systems will shape our climate.

The environmental release and ecosystem risks of illicit drugs during Glastonbury Festival.

Reported high drug use at music festivals coupled with factors such as public urination can lead to the direct release of illicit drugs into the environment. Glastonbury Festival 2019 had 203,000 attendees, its site is intercepted by the Whitelake River providing a direct route for illicit drug pollution into the local environment. We tested for popular illicit drugs such as cocaine and MDMA in the river upstream and downstream of the festival site as well as in the neighbouring Redlake River. Both rivers were sampled the weeks before, during and after the festival. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine and MDMA were found at all sample sites; concentrations, and mass loads (mass carried by the river per unit of time) were significantly higher in the Whitelake site, downstream of the festival. MDMA mass loads were 104 times greater downstream in comparison to upstream sites (1.1-61.0 mg/h vs 114.7 mg/h; p < .01). Cocaine and benzoylecgonine mass loads were also 40 times higher downstream of the festival (1.3-4.2 mg/h vs 50.4 mg/h; p < .01) (22.7-81.4 mg/h vs 854.6 mg/h; p < .01). MDMA reached its highest level during the weekend after the festival with a concentration of 322 ng/L. This concentration is deemed harmful to aquatic life using Risk Quotient assessment (RQ) and provides evidence of continuous release after the festival due to leaching of MDMA from the site. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were not at levels deemed harmful to aquatic life according to RQ assessment yet were three times higher than MDMA concentrations. Redlake River experienced no significant changes (p > .05) in any illicit drug levels, further confirming that drug release was likely dependent on the festival site. The release of environmentally damaging levels of illicit drugs into Whitelake River during the period of Glastonbury Festival suggests an underreported potential source of environmental contamination from greenfield festival sites.

Divergent responses of wetland methane emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 dependent on water table.

Elevated atmospheric CO2 may have consequences for methane (CH4) emissions from wetlands, yet the magnitude and direction remain unpredictable, because the associated mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Here, we established an in situ macrocosm experiment to compare the effects of elevated CO2 (700 ppm) on the CH4 emissions from two wetlands: an intermittently inundated Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh and a permanently inundated Carex lasiocarpa marsh. The elevated CO2 increased CH4 emissions by 27.6-57.6% in the C. angustifolia marsh, compared to a reduction of 18.7-23.5% in the C. lasiocarpa marsh. The CO2-induced increase in CH4 emissions from the C. angustifolia marsh was paralleled with (1) increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from plant photosynthesis and (2) reduced (rate of) CH4 oxidation due to a putative shift in methanotrophic community composition. In contrast, the CO2-induced decrease in CH4 emissions from the C. lasiocarpa marsh was associated with the increases in soil redox potential and pmoA gene abundance. We synthesized data from worldwide wetland ecosystems, and found that the responses of CH4 emissions to elevated CO2 was determined by the wetland water table levels and associated plant oxygen secretion capacity. In conditions with elevated CO2, plants with a high oxygen secretion capacity suppress CH4 emissions while plants with low oxygen secretion capacity stimulate CH4 emissions; both effects are mediated via a feedback loop involving shifts in activities of methanogens and methanotrophs.

Impact of a policy change restricting access to codeine on prescription opioid-related emergency department presentations: an interrupted time series analysis.

ABSTRACT: Codeine is one of the most commonly used opioid analgesics. Significant codeine-related morbidity and mortality prompted regulatory responses, with the up-scheduling of codeine combination analgesics to prescription-only medicines implemented in Australia in February 2018. This study investigated the impact of codeine up-scheduling on the number of codeine and other (noncodeine) prescription opioid-related emergency department (ED) presentations in a large metropolitan tertiary hospital. Clinical features of these presentations were also examined. Interrupted time series analyses assessed monthly changes in ED presentations from June 2016 to November 2019. In the month immediately after up-scheduling, there was a significant reduction of 3.97 codeine-related presentations (B = -3.97, P = 0.022), indicating a 29.66% level change, followed by a significant change in trend to fewer monthly codeine-related presentations (B = -0.38, P = 0.005). Noncodeine prescription opioid-related (B = -1.90, P = 0.446) and ED presentations overall (B = -118.04, P = 0.140) remained unchanged immediately post-up-scheduling, with a significant change in trend from upward to downward for noncodeine (B = -0.76; P = 0.002) and ED presentations overall (B = -19.34, P = 0.022). A significant reduction of 4.58 (B = -4.58, P = 0.009) in codeine presentations involving subsequent hospital admission immediately post-up-scheduling was found; but no immediate reduction in codeine-related suicide-related overdoses, length of inpatient stay, or re-presentations (P > 0.0125; adjusted for multiple comparisons). Restricting supply of codeine to prescription-only may have resulted in less harmful codeine-related use in the community, without a corresponding immediate decrease in other opioid-related harms.

Development of a Faraday cup fast ion loss detector for keV beam ions.

The development and testing of a Faraday cup fast-ion loss detector capable of measuring sub 100 keV particles is documented. Such measurement capabilities play an important role in the assessment of particle confinement of nuclear fusion experiments. The detector is manufactured using thin-film deposition techniques, building upon previous work using discrete foils. This new manufacturing method allows the form factor of the sensor to become that of essentially a microchip. Analysis of the diagnostic response is performed using Monte-Carlo particle simulations. These simulations show peaks in the detector response at 40 and 70 keV. The sensor is then tested in a tunable linear accelerator capable of accelerating protons from 20 to 120 keV. The detector response was found to be well matched to simulations. Improvements to the design to facilitate robustness are discussed.

Factors affecting rehabilitation and use of upper limb after stroke: views from healthcare professionals and stroke survivors.

BACKGROUND: Training of the upper limb (UL) is limited in stroke rehabilitation, and about 50% of stroke survivors do not regain useful function in their upper limb. OBJECTIVES: This study explored what factors affect rehabilitation and use of upper limb after stroke from a stroke survivor and healthcare professional perspective to better understand low engagement in UL rehabilitation in the chronic stages of stroke. METHOD: Eight chronic stroke survivors and 21 healthcare professionals took part in semi-structured interviews or in one of three focus groups, respectively. RESULTS: Thematic analysis revealed three main themes: Availability of resources, Healthcare professional-patient relationship, and Psychosocial factors. Availability of resources and Healthcare professional-patient relationship indicated that due to resource pressures and a lack of communication and education, positive upper limb rehabilitation behaviors (e.g. engaging and integrating the upper limb in daily activity) were not always established in the early stages post-stroke. Psychosocial factors illustrated the cognitive and psychological barriers to sustained engagement with upper limb rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that stroke survivors and healthcare professionals have very similar understandings of barriers to UL activity, and positive upper limb rehabilitation behaviors are not always established early in recovery post-stroke. Increased resources and healthcare professional-patient relationships seem key factors to establishing positive perceptions of UL rehabilitation. Addressing psychosocial issues and resource limitations may help sustain engagement with UL rehabilitation.

Author Correction: Biologically driven DOC release from peatlands during recovery from acidification.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the Acknowledgements, which incorrectly omitted from the end the following: 'In particular, we thank the staff of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (including A. Burden, N. Ostle and C. Evans) in relation to a NERC grant involving CF & TJ (NE/E011748/1; 2007-2010), which established the sites from which the UK samples were subsequently collected.' This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.